SQLAlchemy 0.3 Documentation

# disable all ordering
mapper = mapper(User, users_table, order_by=None)

# order by a column
mapper = mapper(User, users_table, order_by=users_tableusers_table.c.user_id)

# order by multiple items
mapper = mapper(User, users_table, order_by=[users_table.c.user_id, desc(users_table.c.user_name)])

# order by a column
l = mapper.select(users_table.c.user_name=='fred', order_by=users_table.c.user_id)

# order by multiple criterion
l = mapper.select(users_table.c.user_name=='fred', order_by=[users_table.c.user_id, desc(users_table.c.user_name)])

# order address objects by address id
mapper = mapper(User, users_table, properties = {
    'addresses' : relation(mapper(Address, addresses_table), order_by=addresses_table.c.address_id)
})

# eager load with ordering - the ORDER BY clauses of parent/child will be organized properly
mapper = mapper(User, users_table, properties = {
    'addresses' : relation(mapper(Address, addresses_table), order_by=desc(addresses_table.c.email_address), eager=True)
}, order_by=users_table.c.user_id)

class User(object):
    pass
class Address(object):
    pass
    mapper(User, users_table, properties={
    'addresses' : relation(mapper(Address, addresses_table), lazy=False)
})
r = session.query(User).select(User.c.user_name.like('F%'), limit=20, offset=10)

class Employee(object):
    def __init__(self, name):
        self.name = name
    def __repr__(self):
        return self.__class__.__name__ + " " + self.name

class Manager(Employee):
    def __init__(self, name, manager_data):
        self.name = name
        self.manager_data = manager_data
    def __repr__(self):
        return self.__class__.__name__ + " " + self.name + " " +  self.manager_data

class Engineer(Employee):
    def __init__(self, name, engineer_info):
        self.name = name
        self.engineer_info = engineer_info
    def __repr__(self):
        return self.__class__.__name__ + " " + self.name + " " +  self.engineer_info

# a class
class AddressUser(object):
    pass

# define a Join
j = join(users_table, addresses_table)

# map to it - the identity of an AddressUser object will be 
# based on (user_id, address_id) since those are the primary keys involved
m = mapper(AddressUser, j, properties={
    'user_id':[users_table.c.user_id, addresses_table.c.user_id]
})

# many-to-many join on an association table
j = join(users_table, userkeywords, 
        users_table.c.user_id==userkeywords.c.user_id).join(keywords, 
           userkeywords.c.keyword_id==keywords.c.keyword_id)

# a class 
class KeywordUser(object):
    pass

# map to it - the identity of a KeywordUser object will be
# (user_id, keyword_id) since those are the primary keys involved
m = mapper(KeywordUser, j, properties={
    'user_id':[users_table.c.user_id, userkeywords.c.user_id],
    'keyword_id':[userkeywords.c.keyword_id, keywords.c.keyword_id]
})

s = select([customers, 
            func.count(orders).label('order_count'), 
            func.max(orders.price).label('highest_order')],
            customers.c.customer_id==orders.c.customer_id,
            group_by=[c for c in customers.c]
            )
class Customer(object):
    pass

m = mapper(Customer, s)

# primary mapper
mapper(User, users_table)

# make a secondary mapper to load User against a join
othermapper = mapper(User, users_table.join(someothertable), non_primary=True)

# select
result = session.query(othermapper).select()

# primary mapper
mapper(User, users_table)

# make an entity name mapper that stores User objects in another table
mapper(User, alternate_users_table, entity_name='alt')

# make two User objects
user1 = User()
user2 = User()

# save one in in the "users" table
session.save(user1)

# save the other in the "alternate_users_table"
session.save(user2, entity_name='alt')

session.flush()

# select from the alternate mapper
session.query(User, entity_name='alt').select()

# define a self-referential table
trees = Table('treenodes', engine,
    Column('node_id', Integer, primary_key=True),
    Column('parent_node_id', Integer, ForeignKey('treenodes.node_id'), nullable=True),
    Column('node_name', String(50), nullable=False),
    )

# treenode class
class TreeNode(object):
    pass

# mapper defines "children" property, pointing back to TreeNode class,
# with the mapper unspecified.  it will point back to the primary 
# mapper on the TreeNode class.
TreeNode.mapper = mapper(TreeNode, trees, properties={
        'children' : relation(
                        TreeNode, 
                        cascade="all"
                     ),
        }
    )

# or, specify the circular relationship after establishing the original mapper:
mymapper = mapper(TreeNode, trees)

mymapper.add_property('children', relation(
                        mymapper, 
                        cascade="all"
                     ))

# define a self-referential table with several relations
trees = Table('treenodes', engine,
    Column('node_id', Integer, primary_key=True),
    Column('parent_node_id', Integer, ForeignKey('treenodes.node_id'), nullable=True),
    Column('root_node_id', Integer, ForeignKey('treenodes.node_id'), nullable=True),
    Column('node_name', String(50), nullable=False),
    )

# treenode class
class TreeNode(object):
    pass

# define the "children" property as well as the "root" property
TreeNode.mapper = mapper(TreeNode, trees, properties={
        'children' : relation(
                        TreeNode, 
                        primaryjoin=trees.c.parent_node_id==trees.c.node_id
                        cascade="all",
                        backref=backref("parent", foreignkey=trees.c.node_id)
                     ),
        'root' : relation(
                TreeNode,
                primaryjoin=trees.c.root_node_id=trees.c.node_id, 
                foreignkey=trees.c.node_id,
                uselist=False
            )
        }
    )

class User(object):
    pass

User.mapper = mapper(User, users_table)

# select users
c = users_table.select().execute()

# get objects
userlist = User.mapper.instances(c)

# define a second class/mapper
class Address(object):
    pass

Address.mapper = mapper(Address, addresses_table)

# select users and addresses in one query
s = select([users_table, addresses_table], users_table.c.user_id==addresses_table.c.user_id)

# execute it, and process the results with the User mapper, chained to the Address mapper
r = User.mapper.instances(s.execute(), Address.mapper)

# result rows are an array of objects, one for each mapper used
for entry in r:
    user = r[0]
    address = r[1]

class MapperExtension(object):
    """base implementation for an object that provides overriding behavior to various
    Mapper functions.  For each method in MapperExtension, a result of EXT_PASS indicates
    the functionality is not overridden."""
    def get_session(self):
        """called to retrieve a contextual Session instance with which to
        register a new object. Note: this is not called if a session is 
        provided with the __init__ params (i.e. _sa_session)"""
        return EXT_PASS
    def select_by(self, query, *args, **kwargs):
        """overrides the select_by method of the Query object"""
        return EXT_PASS
    def select(self, query, *args, **kwargs):
        """overrides the select method of the Query object"""
        return EXT_PASS
    def create_instance(self, mapper, selectcontext, row, class_):
        """called when a new object instance is about to be created from a row.  
        the method can choose to create the instance itself, or it can return 
        None to indicate normal object creation should take place.

        mapper - the mapper doing the operation

        selectcontext - SelectionContext corresponding to the instances() call

        row - the result row from the database

        class_ - the class we are mapping.
        """
        return EXT_PASS
    def append_result(self, mapper, selectcontext, row, instance, identitykey, result, isnew):
        """called when an object instance is being appended to a result list.

        If this method returns EXT_PASS, it is assumed that the mapper should do the appending, else
        if this method returns any other value or None, it is assumed that the append was handled by this method.

        mapper - the mapper doing the operation

        selectcontext - SelectionContext corresponding to the instances() call

        row - the result row from the database

        instance - the object instance to be appended to the result

        identitykey - the identity key of the instance

        result - list to which results are being appended

        isnew - indicates if this is the first time we have seen this object instance in the current result
        set.  if you are selecting from a join, such as an eager load, you might see the same object instance
        many times in the same result set.
        """
        return EXT_PASS
    def populate_instance(self, mapper, selectcontext, row, instance, identitykey, isnew):
        """called right before the mapper, after creating an instance from a row, passes the row
        to its MapperProperty objects which are responsible for populating the object's attributes.
        If this method returns EXT_PASS, it is assumed that the mapper should do the appending, else
        if this method returns any other value or None, it is assumed that the append was handled by this method.

        Essentially, this method is used to have a different mapper populate the object:

            def populate_instance(self, mapper, selectcontext, instance, row, identitykey, isnew):
                othermapper.populate_instance(selectcontext, instance, row, identitykey, isnew, frommapper=mapper)
                return True
        """
        return EXT_PASS
    def before_insert(self, mapper, connection, instance):
        """called before an object instance is INSERTed into its table.

        this is a good place to set up primary key values and such that arent handled otherwise."""
        return EXT_PASS
    def before_update(self, mapper, connection, instance):
        """called before an object instnace is UPDATED"""
        return EXT_PASS
    def after_update(self, mapper, connection, instance):
        """called after an object instnace is UPDATED"""
        return EXT_PASS
    def after_insert(self, mapper, connection, instance):
        """called after an object instance has been INSERTed"""
        return EXT_PASS
    def before_delete(self, mapper, connection, instance):
        """called before an object instance is DELETEed"""
        return EXT_PASS
    def after_delete(self, mapper, connection, instance):
        """called after an object instance is DELETEed"""
        return EXT_PASS

m = mapper(User, users_table, extension=MyExtension())

m = mapper(User, users_table, extension=[ext1, ext2, ext3])