                            Maildrop tips and tricks

   Last update: 10/11/1998.

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           The include statement
           The $LINES and $SIZE environment
           Partial matches using the ! operator
           Short-circuit evaluation using logical operators
           The foreach statement
           The $HOME/.tmp directory

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   Here's a list of tips and tricks to write efficient mail filters using
   maildrop. Maildrop - just like any programming language - can do certain
   things better than others.
    

The include statement

   When maildrop is started, it reads $HOME/.mailfilter, or some other file
   containing mail filtering instructions. Before doing anything else, this
   entire file is read and semi-compiled. Any grammatical or syntax errors
   will result in maildrop terminating with a temporary error code, without
   doing anything with the message.

   The entire file must be 'semi-compiled". The 'semi-compilation' process
   consists of building an logical representation of the filtering statements
   in memory.

   If you have a long and complicated set of instructions, it will be
   semi-compiled whether or not it will actually be executed. For example,
   consider the following code:
    

 if ( /^Subject: rosebud/ )
 {
     ...
     some
     really
     long
     set
     of
     instructions
     ...
 }

   If the contents of the "if" construct are large, maildrop may spend
   considerable amount of time and memory semi-compiling filtering
   instructions that may never be used. Consider putting all these
   instructions into a separate file, and using the include statement to
   execute them.

   The include statement is processed only when it is actually executed by
   maildrop. That carries certain side effects. One feature of maildrop is
   the semi-compilation which weeds out errors in the filtering recipe file,
   holding all mail and not doing anything until the errors are fixed. The
   include statement is not processed until it is actually executed. If there
   are errors in the file referenced by the include statement, maildrop will
   not know about them until it executes the include statement. When maildrop
   detects the error, it will terminate with a temporary error code, holding
   all mail. However, any filtering instructions before the include statement
   would've already been executed.

The $LINES and $SIZE environment variables

   These variables are initialized to the number of lines in the message, and
   the size of the message in bytes. They may not be exact, due to the
   presence of the From_ line, or -A arguments on the command line, but they
   will always be a reasonable approximation.

   Scanning headers for patterns will take the same amount of time whether
   the body of the message has 100 or 1,000 lines. However, the "b" option
   causes the message body to be searched. If someone sends you a 5 megabyte
   binary file, each pattern matched against the message body will take a
   significant time to complete.

   Whenever possible, the first thing you should do is check both variables
   to see if the message  is excessively large. If so, divert the message to
   a separate mailbox, or reject it.

   Weighted scoring is especially sensitive to the size of the message being
   delivered. Normally, as soon as a pattern match is found, maildrop
   terminates the pattern scan. If weighted scoring is used then the pattern
   scan is immediately restarted, until the end of the message is reached.

   A fixed overhead is required to start a pattern scan going, so that
   weighted scoring that matches a very short pattern, like
   /[:lower:]/:Dbw,1,1 will take a significant amount of CPU time to
   complete. Maildrop is simply not optimized for these kinds of situations.

   Nevertheless, on a Pentium 200, /[:lower:]/:Dbw,1,1 perform reasonably
   well for messages less than 60K long.

   Here's an example of using $LINES and $SIZE to divert large messages to a
   separate mailbox:


     if ($LINES > 1000 || $SIZE > 60000)
     {
         to "mail/IN.large"
     }

     .
     .
     .

Partial matches using the ! operator

   Maildrop implements the ! operator in patterns by breaking up the pattern
   into two separate patterns, which are compiled and executed separately.

   Whenever the first pattern is successfully matched, maildrop runs the
   second pattern. If the second pattern does not match, maildrop resumes
   matching the first pattern until it matches again.

   Since starting a pattern match involves some fixed overhead, minimizing
   the number of times the first pattern will match will reduce the amount of
   time it takes to match the entire pattern.

   For example: you're trying to extract an IP address from the first
   Received header. Here's your first attempt at doing so:


     /^Received:.*![0-9\.]+/
     IP=$MATCH2

   This will not work at all. From the manual page for maildropfilter:


        When  there  is  more  than  one  way  to  match a string,
        maildrop favors matching as much  as  possible  initially.

   So this fragment will set IP to the last digit, or period found in the
   first Received: header, because the first half of the pattern will match
   as much as possible.

   Here's your second attempt, then:


     /^Received:.*[^0-9\.]![0-9\.]+/
     IP=$MATCH2

   This will work, except the first half of the pattern will end up matching
   every character in the Received: header that's not a digit or a period.
   Maildrop will then stop and try to run the second half of the pattern.

   Your mail server will probably put a left bracket before the IP address of
   the relay. Noting that, the following code picks up the IP address as
   efficiently as possible:


     /^Received:.*\[![0-9\.]+/
     IP=$MATCH2

Short-circuit evaluation using logical operators

   The logical operators || and && work in maildrop just like they work in C.
   Consider the following expression:


     if (/ ... some pattern ... / || / ... some other pattern ... /)
     {
         .
         .
         .
     }

   If the first pattern is found, maildrop will not execute the second
   pattern, since the logical expression will be true no matter what. You can
   use that to your advantage. If you have two patterns, and one of them
   takes more time to process, put the other first. Even if both patterns are
   relatively quick, if you expect one of them to be found almost every time,
   put that one first so that it will not be necessary to run the second
   pattern most of the time.

   The same concept works for the && operator:


     if (/ ... some pattern ... / && / ... some other pattern ... /)
     {
         .
         .
         .
     }

   If the first pattern is not found, maildrop will not execute the second
   pattern, since the logical expression will be false no matter what.

The foreach statement

   The foreach statement is implemented as follows. Maildrop will execute the
   regular expression, and compile a list of all the patterns in the message
   matched by the regular expression. Afterwards, maildrop will execute the
   foreach statement, once for each matched pattern.

   It is important to note that maildrop will create a list in memory
   containing every pattern matched by the regular expression. if the regular
   expression is found many times in the message, this will require a lot of
   memory. For example, the following is a Very Bad Thing[tm]:


     foreach /[:alpha:]/
     {
         .
         .
         .
     }

   Maildrop does not include any built-in limits on resource usage, except
   for the watchdog timer. Therefore, as a system administrator, it is your
   responsibility to limit resources used by the maildrop process.

   This implementation of the foreach statement is the one that yields the
   least number of surprises. Observe that the contents of the foreach
   construct can modify the message using the xfilter statement. Furthermore,
   the regular expression may include variable substitution, and those
   variables could be modified by the foreach statement. If the foreach
   statement were to be executed "on the fly", these factors would yield
   unpredictable - and rather messy - results.

The $HOME/.tmp directory

   Under certain conditions, maildrop will need to use a temporary file.
   Temporary files are created in the $HOME/.tmp directory. Temporary files
   are used to store large messages (instead of storing them in memory).
   Temporary files may also be used by the xfilter command, or in other
   situations.

   Maildrop will automatically delete all temporary files before terminating.
   However, if the maildrop process is killed, or terminates abnormally, a
   temporary file may remain and take up disk space. To have those leftover
   files automatically cleaned up, put the following code in /etc/profile, or
   some other file that all users run after logging in:


     find $HOME/.tmp -depth -mtime +7 \( \( \
         -type d -exec rmdir {} \; \) -o -exec rm -f {} \; \) 2>/dev/null

    
